Page 14: of Maritime Reporter Magazine (January 15, 1980)

Reduced Towing Costs

Subject Of Study On

Towing Surge Pendants

The following is a condensation of a technical study prepared by the engineering and research de- partments of Samson Ocean Sys- tems, Inc., Shirley, Mass. The re- port analyzes and compares the performance characteristics of the traditional towing surge pendant utilizing heavy chain with those of a nylon rope pendant.

A surge pendant is an energy storage device typically located between the towing bridle and the towing hawser. They are used with wire towing hawsers where desirable to reduce the scope and catenary depth of the hawser without reducing the overall en- ergy storage of the hawser sys- tem. Traditionally, a surge chain has been used consisting of one or two shots of very heavy chain.

The chain catenary provides the necessary energy storage with the penalty of increased weight and towing resistance and greatly increased catenary depth at low speeds. It is desirable to replace the surge chain with a pendant of nylon rope. This offers the re- quired energy storage because of nylon's elasticity without the weight of the chain.

The performance of a tow in a seaway requires the continuous transfer of energy between the vessels involved. Any difference in speed between the tug and tow (during start-up or under wave impact) means the tug must ac- celerate the tow or be slowed down by it. If the energy neces- sary to accomplish acceleration or deceleration must be transmit- ted instantaneously, as it would through a rigid link, it would re- sult in enormous loads on the deck fittings. It is, therefore, es- sential for a towing hawser sys- tem to store energy from one ves- sel and transfer it gradually to the other without excessive loads.

Nylon rope offers this energy storage capacity with less length than wire or chain catenaries with the resulting advantages of improved control, reduced weight, little or no catenary, and reduced towing resistance. Improved con- trol results from the reduced length or scope of the hawser which provides a greater angle of the hawser at the tow, or turn- ing moment, for the same side- ways motion of the tug.

The energy storage character- istic is required primarily by deep ocean tows. Harbor tows usually call for precise control of the tow' and therefore less elongation.

Tows which have utilized surge pendants include U.S. Navy op- erations between San Diego, Long

Reach and Hawaii, and the RAR- 347 tow. The RAR-347 is a 51,- 000-ton pipelay barge which was towed, on 21-inch 2-in-l nylon, from the Netherlands to the Gulf' of Mexico by Dr. Jack, a 7,500-hp oceangoing tug.

The use of a surge pendant with a wire rope hawser offers the advantages of utilizing exist- ing towing equipment and locat- ing the synthetic rope outboard of both the tug and tow, thus minimizing abrasion. The basic procedure is to connect one end of the pendant to the bridle on the tow and the other end to the tow wire. When entering or leav- ing harbor, the tow wire is paid out just enough to clear the tug bulwark. This puts the tow on a short scope for better control.

Once at sea, the tow wire can be paid out until the tug and tow are in step (i.e., riding up and down the waves together). If the selection procedure outlined in the complete Samson study has been used, there is no need to pay out wire for a catenary. The surge pendant has all the energy storage capacity required by the tow. This allows the tow hawser to be kept near or even above the water surface, and thus reduces the resistance of the tow. The reduced resistance can result in either higher speeds or reduced fuel consumption.

The study concludes the prin-

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