Page 6: of Maritime Reporter Magazine (September 1988)

MARPOL (continued) methods of dealing with the prob- lem exist. These are: (1) onboard storage until the vessel reaches a port with disposal facilities; (2) compaction and storage until on- shore disposal; and (3) incineration.

Space requirements, problems of odor, insect control and general san- itation, make the first method, stor- age and shore disposal, unattractive.

Additionally, problems may be en- countered scheduling the necessary number of stops at ports with ade- quate disposal facilities.

Although the second method, trash compaction, partially solves the problem of space requirements, it still requires the scheduling of stops at ports with disposal facili- ties.

Annex V provides that if wastes, such as foodstuffs, paper products, rags, glass, metal and similar refuse, have been comminuted or ground to the point where they will pass through a screen with openings no 24 HOURWORLDWIDE SERVICE

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I 30 greater than 25 millimeters, the minimum distance from shore re- quired for ocean discharge is re- duced to three nautical miles. Also, food wastes which have been com- minuted to 25 millimeters or less, can be discharged from floating or fixed platforms located more than 12 miles from land, and from other ships when alongside or within 500 meters of the platform.

In other words, simply reducing the particle size of refuse to 25 milli- meters or less lowers the ship-to- shore dumping limit from 12 to 3 miles.

However, the most efficient method of fulfilling the newest

MARPOL requirements is through the use of an onboard incinerator.

Vesta/Atlas incinerators, for exam- ple, all produce ash residues which meet Annex V requirements.

Incinerators are offered in a wide variety of models to meet every combination of requirements, de- pending on what type of materials are to be burned and how much.

Requirements for shipboard in- cinerators are governed by 46 CFR

Part 63, and the safety require- ments for them are found in 46 CFR 58 and 46 CFR 56. When purchasing an incinerator, it is important to ascertain that it meets all these requirements, and is so certified by the manufacturer.

While incinerators do require a moderately large initial investment for purchase and installation, they have the advantages of providing a completely reliable and efficient method for disposing of waste mate- rials without any expenses for or dependence on disposal facilities in ports of call.

Modern incinerators, with their two-chamber design, produce no particulate emissions in the exhaust gases because of complete combus- tion during the retention in the sec- ond chamber. They can be shipped either as one-piece units, or knocked down for assembly onboard, sim- plifying retrofits on existing ves- sels.

A number of factors are impor- tant for evaluating the best methods for solving the waste disposal prob- lem of each individual vessel. For example: (1) Type of power—steam ships will be concerned with disposing of solid garbage and trash. Motor ships will have the same types of waste as the steam vessels with the addition of oil sludges, which require special techniques for holding and dispos- al. (2)Use of vessel—the volume of the material to be disposed of will vary greatly depending on the use of the vessel—whether it carries pas- sengers, freight, crude oil or liquid products, containerized cargoes, and other types. (3)Trade routes—the routes fol- lowed by ships can have a big effect on disposal handling. Largely coast- al operations, for example, have the disadvantage of never being far out enough to dump but also have the advantage of being always close to ports with disposal facilities. These vessels traveling through the MAR-

POL "special areas" must be pre- pared to deal with the special prohi- bition in those areas. 8

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