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30Maritime Reporter & Engineering News THE ARCTICFEATURE exposure to grounding and ice hazards. The process also involved modelling to estimate the probability of all possibleoutcomes in the event of grounding or contact with ice. This included, for ex- ample, structural vulnerability, flooding vulnerability and exposure and vulnera- bility to environmental factors. The his- toric data analysed by Safety at Seacovered more than 630 ship years and 74 incidents, including 45 medical evacua- tions (although these were not specifi- cally related to the operatingenvironment), 14 groundings and five in- cidents of heavy weather damage. Some 66 RCMs (Risk Control Meas-ures) were identified, analysed and ranked. These included RCMs already implemented through international legis- lation such as SOLAS, STCW and ILOand IAATO?s self-management systems. They also included specific requirements implicit in the IMO Guidelines for ShipsOperating in Polar Waters. The analysis assessed the extent to which RCMs were operational, as op-posed to being factors related to vessel design and construction or equipmentspecification. It also looked at whether they were related to crew experience; as- sociated with poorly maintained vessels; or were related to significant Antarctic environmental hazards. The study found that over half of the identified RCMs are operational in na- ture, with the remainder relating to shipkeeping the course hamburg 4 ? 7 sept 2012 shipbuilding ? machinery & marine technology international trade fair smm-hamburg.com phone: +49 40 35 69-21 47 [email protected] watch trailer Passengers exploring from the M/S Nordkapp on Petermann Island. MR Oct.11 # 4 (25-33):MR Template 10/6/2011 4:20 PM Page 30