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OFFSHORE WIND © AdobeStock/David Maddock rope, Africa and the Middle East. ability of fuels cells and battery energy

If you can get the fuel, the next chal- storage systems and crew capabilities.

lenge is the cost of the fuel. Carbon pricing, in markets like Europe, will What else can we consider?

help this situation, but at a fundamental On top of the energy carrier/converter level, green hydrogen, e-methanol and choice, there remain several other tools e-ammonia cost more than marine die- for lowering emissions intensity avail- sel and gas oil. able to owners to consider, depending

As many people know, certifying on the size of vessel. These include: bunker quality is a major challenge to- • Ship design and day. But the challenge will only become hydrodynamics: Hull-form, more daunting. Taking methanol as an ship size, propulsion improving example, methanol can be produced devices, propellers, rudders from coal (brown), natural gas (grey), & material optimization, air from carbon capture from another com- lubrication, hull coating/ bustion process (blue), renewable sourc- cleaning and propeller cleaning.

es (green) or nuclear (pink). The ? nal • Energy assistance from wind product is always CH3OH. The ques- or solar sources.

tion is how to ensure that the methanol • Logistics and digitalization: in the tank is green. Speed reduction, weather

And ? nally, there are a range of tech- routing, trim, draft, and ballast nical and operational barriers ranging optimization, autopilot from toxicity of certain fuels, lack of software, engine de-rating suf? cient bunkering infrastructure, the and vessel size.

impact on onboard storage based on the • Waste heat and/or kinetic large volumes required to store hydro- energy recovery.

gen, ammonia and methanol, available • After treatment measures such of internal combustion engines, avail- as carbon capture and storage.

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