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Figure 2. Three decisions to test across the cargo journey. Conceptual framework by the author; this graphic does not report measured port performance.

Foulquier and Antoine Frémont, examining French port possible diversions.

governance, describe the widening strategic role of port au- Exercises and actual emergencies provide different evi- thorities. Both perspectives direct attention to the corridor dence. ENISA’s Cyber Europe 2026 simulated a coordi- through which cargo actually reaches its destination. nated attack on European maritime and rail infrastruc-

HAROPA PORT links Le Havre, Rouen and Paris ture with more than 5,000 participants. At Baltimore, along the Seine corridor. In 2025 it reported a combined the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers restored the federal rail-and-river modal share of 20.3% and 145,000 TEU channel to its usual 700-foot width and 50-foot depth moved by rail to and from Le Havre. On the U.S. East on 10 June 2024, following a period of restricted access.

Coast, the Port of New York and New Jersey’s ExpressRail The European exercise tested coordination; the American system connects its main container terminals to inland response documented the restoration of nautical access. rail networks. These connections widen logistical choic- Neither measure alone establishes when all affected ship- es. The published