Page 40: of Maritime Reporter Magazine (August 2004)

Our Supporters ... Then and Now

Cargo Hold

Finishes (•fine Enamels ' Anti Corrosiu and Anti Fouling

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Corpus Christi • Brownsville • lot Angeles • Oakland • Seottle • Portlond, Ore. (Continued from page 28)

The Espionage Act was the result of one of the first foreign terrorist attacks ever conducted inside the territorial United

States. This spotlight event, which ignited public interest in port security, occurred on July 29th of 1916 on Black Tom Island near Jersey City. NJ at a site now occupied by Liberty Island. Black Tom Island was used to store military ammunition and various explosives. The United States, although providing aid to England, was not at war and the facility had little in the way of physical security and few guards.

The German government knew the facili- ty was exposed and exploited the lax secu- rity to prevent the munitions from reach- ing its enemies. The result was one of the most spectacular explosions ever within a

U.S. port. Fortunately, the number of peo- ple killed by this incident was minimal, but there was loss of life and significant physical destruction creating a public out- cry. The media picked up the cry and

Congress responded by passing the

Espionage Act. The Espionage Act of 1917 resulted in the Coast Guard being granted the authority to regulate the anchorage and movement of any vessel in

U.S. territorial waters including the place- ment of guards on or taking full posses- sion of such vessels. The Coast Guard, with this new authority, designated select- ed officers as Captains of the Port or

COTPs, with direct tasking to ensure the requirements from the new law were prop- erly enforced. This COTP designation has been a primary foundation from which the modern port security mission has evolved. - Although the rigid enforcement of this act waned following the conclusion of the

First World War, the authorities and the emphasis on port security ramped up exponentially as the United States entered

World War II. Again, the media captured the country's interest with pictures of the damage inflicted by German submarines operating off of the Atlantic Coast sinking ships in plain view of residents along the

New York shore. During World War II the

Coast Guard was deeply involved in port security missions that supported the on- load of supply ships headed for both the- aters of operation. These operations were most recently duplicated as the Coast

Guard supported Military On-load

Operations in strategic ports supporting

Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom.

Where, just as in World War II, Coast

Guard units conducted waterside security, worked with Army personnel loading the vessel and ensured security along the sup- ply routes.

It was during World War II that

Congress specifically reinforced the role of the COTP as the lead for enforcement activities within their specific ports. This occurred in 1941 while the Coast Guard was being transferred to the War

Department specifically under the Navy.

Even while operating under the Navy, the

Coast Guard was the leading agency for

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