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outlook for crude carriers, the study considers the wider possibilities. In the event of a situation of over- supply in 2009/2010, for instance, it is suggested that a clear two-tier market could develop, with double-hull vessels attracting higher rates than single-hull tankers.

In addition to market analysis and evaluation of future developments, the new volume includes full list- ings of all known VLCCs in the trading fleet and on order as at January 1, 2006, reflecting both beneficial and disponent ownership and employment. *'VLCC Market Outlook to 2010 and Fleet Ownership and

Employment Analysis', available at US$750 from Galbraith's

Research Department, London tel +44 (0)20 7898 5537, e-mail: [email protected] www.diamondseaglaz e .com

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Green ships for Evergreen

The new S-type containerships for Evergreen are noteworthy in that they incorporate new environmental features that go beyond current and soon-to-be-introduced international requirements. Dr. Chang said "We should not wait for legisla- tion to be introduced. We should use the latest technology as soon as it is available so as to minimise the impact of con- tainer shipping operations both on marine life and on port communities. Although our market is price-driven and highly competitive, with our customers all seeking to achieve the lowest shipping costs, we know that most of them are also very aware of the environmental issues. We can assure them that Evergreen will provide first-class services whilst main- taining the highest environmental standards." The S-class incorporate a double-skinned hull and all fuel tanks have been located within the transverse bulkhead spaces, helping to min- imize the risk of oil pollution or fire as a result of grounding or collision. A high capacity oily water separator enables the oil content of waste water to be reduced below 15 ppm while much larger separator bilge oil and bilge oil holding tanks pro- vide more storage capacity than normal, enabling the vessels to avoid any discharge when sailing in sensitive areas and to maximise the amount of waste that can be held for ultimate disposal in specialised shore facilities.

Similar arrangements have been made for handling sewage and so-called grey water, including water from the cargo hold bilges, when the vessels are in port or close to shore.

The main engines and generators incorporate low NOx tech- nology while the ships are also able to switch to low sulphur fuels when sailing in restricted areas such as the Baltic Sea. 'Cold-ironing', the ability to shut down all shipboard genera- tors while in port, switching to shore-based electricity sup- plies, is also a feature of the S-class vessels. So far, only the

Port of Los Angeles has initiated an Alternative Maritime

Power (AMP) programme that requires ships to shut down their diesel generators while in port but Evergreen expects many more ports to follow LA's lead. The Group estimates that the cost of meeting AMP requirements amounts to approximately $2m per vessel. The latest tin-free anti-fouling systems are also being used for the underwater hull coatings of the S-types and are being applied to other vessels in the

Evergreen fleet when they undergo routine drydockings.

These new coatings are replacing systems that, although highly efficient and widely used globally, were found to have a negative impact on marine life. Evergreen has chosen to class those S-class vessels allocated to Hatsu with Lloyd's Register (LR) while those for operation by Evergreen Marine

Corporation will be classed with the American Bureau of

Shipping (ABS). It will be applying to LR for EP (environment protection) notation and to ABS for the equivalent ES (envi- ronment safety) notation. With an overall length of 300 m and a beam of 42.8 m, the S-class vessels are able to carry con- tainers 17 rows across on deck and 15 rows across below deck. They have a deadweight of 78,700 tons on a service draft of 14.2 m. Each vessel has a single 10-cylinder

Mitsubishi Sulzer 10RTA96C main engine developing 74,700bhp (54,900KW) to provide for a service speed of 25.3 knots. 28 Maritime Reporter & Engineering News

Circle 216 on Reader Service Card

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