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nology can provide the zero-emission near-zero maintenance and has almost solution required. In the U.S., the no breakdowns. This in addition to re-

Department of Energy is allocating $8 duced running costs and dramatically billion for the development of “Hy- lower noise and vibration levels. In fact, drogen Hubs” across the country and repair and maintenance costs of battery- some OEMs already have hydrogen electric equipment is often almost half fuel-cell off-road vehicles in the dem- the price compared to corresponding onstration phase. Anticipated future ICE models (Of? ce of Energy Ef? ciency developments in hydrogen refueling and Renewable Energy, 2021).

infrastructure could overcome some Legislators, relevant agencies, and of the key technological barriers to the maritime sector are all working adoption, although concerns remain together to encourage greater uptake about the cost and current carbon of zero-emission off-road vehicles at footprint of producing hydrogen fuel. ports. High levels of pollution and the health impact on those living near

The path to decarbonization of ports, as well as those ports’ height- maritime off-road vehicles ened carbon-emissions levels, makes

Electri? cation presents a range of ben- the maritime industry a key focus of e? ts beyond signi? cant environmental efforts to decarbonize off-road trans- and health advantages. Because battery- portation. In port cities and states such electric equipment (Raftery, 2018) has as California in particular, legislators around 20 parts in the drivetrain, com- are implementing measures to hasten pared with more than 2,000 parts for the adoption of battery-electric, hy- internal combustion engines, it requires brid, and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles.

References • California Air Resources Board (CARB) (2022). Long-Term Heavy-Duty Investment Strategy.

• Stand.earth (2022a). On Earth Day, activists in 3 west coast cities rally against ocean shipping pollution.

• Tessum, C., Paolella, D., Chambliss, S., Apte, J., Hill, J., & Marshall, J. (2021).

• California Air Resources Board (CARB) (2021). California Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2000 to 2019: Trends of Emissions and Other Indicators.

• CARB (2022). Long-Term Heavy-Duty Investment Strategy.

• CALSTART and CARB (2022). Technology and Market Assessment of Zero-Emission

Off-Road Equipment.

• Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Project (2022). California CORE Voucher

Funding Map. • Hay? eld, Alastair & Zhang, Jan (2021). Interact Analysis. Off Highway Vehicles – 2021. • McKinsey (2019). Harnessing Momentum for electri? cation in heavy machinery and equipment, • Newsom, Gavin (2020). State of California Executive Department. Executive Order

N79-20. • Of? ce of Energy Ef? ciency and Renewable Energy (2021). Battery-electric vehicles have lower scheduled maintenance costs than other light-duty vehicles. • San Pedro Bay Ports (2022). Clean air action plan, 2021 update. • Stand.earth (2022). On Earth Day, activists in 3 west coast cities rally against ocean shipping pollution. • Tessum, C., Paolella, D., Chambliss, S., Apte, J., Hill, J., & Marshall, J. (2021). S

Raftery, Tom (2018). Seven Reason Why The Internal Combustion Engine Is A Dead Man

Walking [Updated]. Forbes.