Persian Gulf
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- Sources Of U.S. Oil Imports And U.S. Oil Companies' Role In The Mideast Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #48
Before the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose to power in the 1970s, U.S. oil companies had a major role in both the ownership and operation of oil production facilities in the Mideast. Since then, that role has diminished greatly as the governments of the region have assumed ownership of their national oil industries. Today, there are essentially no American- ownedproduction facilities in the area, although U.S. companies own or hold a partial interest in some Mideast refineries and petrochemical plants and several thousand Americans still work in the oil industry in the region.
The Saudi Arabian Oil Company (commonly called Saudi Aramco) is a corporation wholly owned by the Saudi Arabian government that is the sole producer of oil and natural gas in that nation.
Aramco was a partnership among Chevron, Exxon, Texaco and Mobil. It had its origins in an exploration agreement signed in 1933 by Standard Oil of California (or Socal—Chevron's predecessor company) and the Saudi government. After five years of futile efforts, exploratory drilling finally found commercial quantities of oil in 1938, but large-scale oil production commenced only in the post World War II period. From less than 20,000 barrels per day (b/d) before 1944, Saudi production rose to 500,000 b/d by 1950 and to 3.5 million b/d by 1970. In 1980, Saudi production peaked at 9.6 million b/d, following which it fell once more as high oil prices reduced international demand.
Beginning in 1973, Saudi Arabia bought out the ownership interests in Aramco of the American oil companies. The takeover was an amicable and orderly process that proceeded over an extended period. Beginning with the acquisition of a 25 percent share in 1973, Saudia Arabia's government increased its share to 60 percent in 1974 and eventually to 100 percent in 1980, when it paid for substantially all of Aramco's assets.
Today, of Saudi Aramco's 43,000 employees, only about 2,500 are Americans. The company also draws on the expertise of another 2,000 or so resident Americans on loan from U.S. oil companies.
Most of the Mideast oil industry assets formerly owned by U.S.
companies were transferred to the Mideast countries during the 1970s. While in some cases (Algeria, Iraq and Libya), the transfer was accomplished by expropriation, in most others (Saudia Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi and Qatar) it took the form of gradually increasing "participation" agreements that extended over a number of years.
American companies still own some assets in the area. For example, Texaco owns a refinery (and a 50-percent share in the crude oil production that supplies it) at Mina Saud in the Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. That facility, with a capacity of 50,000 b/d was closed down immediately after the Iraqi invasion and the 45 or so U.S. citizens who worked there were evacuated. Amerada Hess has a small share in some oil fields in Abu Dhabi, amounting to about 9,000 b/d. Conoco has an equity interest in oil fields in nearby Dubai which produce 110,000 t/d. Mobil has 50 percent ownership of a refinery at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia, with a capacity of 250,000 fc/d, as well as a petrochemical plant there. It also has a smaller share in other operations in Saudia Arabia, including a lubricating oil refining plant.
Exxon also owns shares of petrochemical plants in Saudia Arabia and Abu Dhabi. These operations employ several hundred Americans.
In summary, the role played in the Mideast by the U.S. oil industry as a whole and the value of the physical assets owned by U.S. oil companies today are both far smaller than they were 20 years ago.
Oil Supply Data Sources Of U.S. Oil Imports Before The Embargo Of Iraq/Kuwait Oil The Persian Gulf supplied 25.3 percent of the crude oil and petroleum products imported into the United States from January to July 1990: 8.2 percent from Iraq, 14.8 percent from Saudia Arabia, and 1.2 percent from Kuwait.
Small amounts also came from Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.
OPEC nations outside the Middle East—Venezuela, Nigeria and four others—provided 29 percent.
Canada, Mexico and other non-OPEC nations outside the Middle East supplied the remainder.
After The Embargo According to the most recent information available, Persian Gulf petroleum imports to the United States fell during the months immediately following the early August 1990 United Nations' embargo of Iraqi and Kuwaiti supplies. However, because total U.S. imports also fell, there was only about a 2 percent drop in the Persian Gulf share of that total.
The decline in Persian Gulf imports was gradual, in part because petroleum supplies that left Iraq and Kuwait before the embargo arrived at U.S. ports during August and September. Also, during this same period, Saudi Arabia, among other Persian Gulf countries, took steps to increase daily production.
Thus, Persian Gulf imports averaged 23.4 percent of total U.S.
imports during September and October 1990. Of this amount, 20.7 percent came from Saudia Arabia, 2.3 percent from Iraq, 0.2 percent from Kuwait and 0.2 percent from Oman.
In addition, OPEC nations outside the Middle East—Venezuela, Nigeria and four others—provided 29.9 percent in September and October. Canada, Mexico and other non-OPEC nations outside the Middle East supplied the remainder.
From January to July 1990, U.S.
petroleum imports, as a percent of domestic deliveries, reached 50 percent, the highest seven-month level in history. During September and October 1990, imports dropped to about 42 percent of domestic demand. The reasons for the decline include a drop in oil use because of higher world oil prices and a weaker economy plus a drawdown in inventories during a p e r i o d of r e d u c e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of supplies.
Japan and Western Europe also rely on the Persian Gulf for a substantial portion of their oil imports.
In 1989, Japan, which imports virtually all of its oil, imported a 4.4 percent of its oil from Iraq, 6.8 percent from Kuwait and 15.8 percent from Saudia Arabia. In 1989, Western Europe, which imports about 75 percent of its oil, imported 8.9 percent of its oil from Iraq, 4.7 percent from Kuwait, and 11 percent from Saudia Arabia.
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- Appropriations Conference Approves Use Of Foreign Ships For Ready Reserve Force Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #39
the purpose of enhancing our nation's sealift capability. They are too old and too slow and lack many of the required de- sign features. As the Persian Gulf war proved, the military needs ships that have 24-knot speed capability and are maintained in a reduced operating status to ensure quick deliverabil
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- M.A.N.-GHH Completes Floating Dock For Iran Maritime Reporter, Jan 1986 #8
construction yard of M.A.N.'s Machinery, Plant and Systems Division (M.A.N.-GHH) on the Weser River. The dock had been ordered by Iran for the Persian Gulf Shipyard Project (PGSP) at a contract price of approximately $18 million. Immediately after launching the dock, named Dolphin, was taken over
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- Gulf Copper To Provide Facility, Services For FPSO Conversion Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #27
rig berthing. Gulf Copper is very active in the current ship activation program for the Maritime Administration in support of U.S. activities in the Persian Gulf and was one of the first yards to activate two ships simultaneously. For free literature detailing the Gulf Copper's facilities and services
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- Irish Firm Orders Two Supply Vessels From Quality Equipment Maritime Reporter, Mar 1977 #17
presently provides marine services worldwide to the offshore industry, with principal operations in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea and Persian Gulf. It operates a fleet of approximately 70 vessels. Pott also has major interests in shipbuilding and inland waterways transportation. Jones
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- IMPROVING CURRENT STRATEGIC SEALIFT CAPABILITIES Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #64
a dramatic practical test. According to the Military Sealift Command, as of April 15, 1991, 10 million tons of cargo had been shipped to the Persian Gulf. The ships utilized for this massive operation, as shown in table 2, were chartered from U.S. and foreign-flag commercial operators or activated
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- Cost Of Naval Operations In Persian Gulf Region Continues To Escalate Maritime Reporter, Dec 1990 #32
aircraft flight operations and additional personnel costs required by the call-up of Reserve units. The skyrocketing costs of U.S. operations in the Persian Gulf region has increased the likelihood t h a t Congress will be asked to approve a supplemental appropriations bill soon after it reconvenes. The
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- War Showed Absolute Surge Requirement For More RO/ROs Maritime Reporter, Apr 1991 #54
Pentagon's chief shipping officer, Adm. Francis Donovan, Commander of the Navy's Military Sealift Command, said in his first postwar analysis of the Persian Gulf military crisis that the U.S. merchant marine is deficient by some 20 to 25 roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) cargo vessels. He estimated that such
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- Intermarine USA Launches Second Navy Minehunter Maritime Reporter, May 1992 #72
the Navy for Reserve Affairs. The ship is a larger version of the successful Lerici Class Italian Minehunters that were so effective in the Persian Gulf mine clearance during Operation Desert Storm. The Heron is 188 feet long, 890 metric tons in weight and built entirely of flexible and resilient
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- New York Shipyard Receives Second Navy Drydocking Contract Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #54
Nitro (AE-23) recently entered the facility of New York Shipyard Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y., for an overhaul. The ammunition ship had served in the Persian Gulf Desert Storm Operation and delivered ammunition to the battleship USS Wisconsin three days before the start of military action. Homeported
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- Robert Sanders To Yard Superintendent Maritime Reporter, Feb 15, 1980 #8
Submarine Building Program at General D y n a m i c s ' Quincy Yard, and as shipyard manager in charge of the Naval Shipyard at Bushier in the Persian Gulf. Before joining Jackson, Mr. Sanders was shipyard manager for the Braswell Yard in Boston, Mass. Jackson Engineering is undergoing a major
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- Micronautics Offers Free Literature On Tide Predicting Software Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #70
both software products for two years, has expanded its coverage to South America. Operation Desert Storm has also prompted interest in the Persian Gulf. For free literature detailing the software of Micronautics, Circle 53 on Reader Service Car
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January 2020 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 64Index page MR Jan20:MN INDEX PAGE 1/13/2020 10:57 AM Page 1 ADVERTISER INDEX Page Advertiser Website Phone# 12 . . . . .ABS Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .www.eagle.org . . . . . . . . .
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January 2020 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 34REPAIR & CONVERSION the concerns about security as the electric grid becomes more He added that improved safety features, including lifeboats, dependent on offshore wind. would be necessary in a conversion and that personal com- These calculations and estimates provide a backdrop for the fort is also an
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January 2020 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 24Legal Beat Marine Casualties Anatomy of the Investigation lank Rome’s maritime attorneys have rep- damage. resented clients in some of the largest mari- Our experience investigating and providing legal represen- time casualties in the last 20 years, includ- tation for clients because of these casualties
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January 2020 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 14O? shore Wind Q&A: Matt Tremblay, ABS The Domino Effect The next hot growth market is offshore wind; Is the U.S. marine industry ready to meet demand? he American Bureau of Shipping convened a conference to discuss the pace and direction of the U.S. offshore wind market, including challenges and opportuni
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January 2020 - Marine News page: 57PEOPLE & COMPANY NEWS U.S. Merchant Marine Academy Blount Scott Quigley Guidry gram to recognize port partners who dealers and customers in the region Maritime Cyber Security have taken proactive steps to make cy- with rapid-response centers located Coalition Formed The U.S. Coast Guard, along with
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January 2020 - Marine News page: 31ing the three-month period, with the main categories being issues related to “main propulsion engine” (65 in- stances), propulsion and other ma- chinery (35 instances) and structural conditions (33 instances). Farther down the list were ? re? ghting equip- ment and appliances (18 de? ciencies)
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Nov/Dec 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 54Advertiser Index Page Company Website Phone# 7 AP Companies Global Solutions LTD www.ap-companies.com +34 931 702 286 C2 Arconas www.arconas.com Please visit us online 23 CPE Certifed Port Executive www.certifedportexecutive.com (902) 425-3980 1 Northwest Seaport Alliance www.
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Nov/Dec 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 49m c c o w n Tells a Story between China and the U.S. containers that arrive via the West In November, total inbound containers declined 7.9% from the Coast. Those macro factors in- year earlier month. This follows a similar 8.0% decline in Octo- clude population dispersion and ber. Both of these
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Nov/Dec 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 16INSIGHTS ciency. Not having enough air on a vessel can have catastrophic to the ship’s power plant, where it’s used to fuel steam boilers and consequences, but in a business where maintaining margins can dual-fuel marine diesel engines. The LNG boil-off also causes a already present major challenges
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December 2019 - Marine News page: 52PEOPLE & COMPANY NEWS Massport McCarthy Holvik Barrie Fitzpatrick Meyran Schmaltz Wieland Verble ter of Science degree in Environmen- (Massport) Board of Directors voted to on November 8th, 2019. Joining Rob- tal Science from UNC Chapel Hill. make Michael Meyran the Authority’s ert Allan Ltd.
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December 2019 - Marine News page: 42GREAT WORKBOATS I and is Classed by ABS as a High-Speed Craft with DP-2 Association in Freeport, Texas. The new vessel, Brazos Pi- and Fire-Fighting Capability notations. Libby L. McCall lot, is a De? ant-class monohull pilot boat both designed was constructed by Gulf Craft in Franklin, LA. and built by
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December 2019 - Marine News page: 40GREAT WORKBOATS T T B 10 2019 2019HEHE EST OF OF This month, MarineNews showcases the ten best of North America’s 2019 workboat deliveries and designs. Domestic shipyard production – across a wide spectrum of missions, hull types, propulsion and design innovations – continued at a good clip in 2019.
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December 2019 - Marine News page: 14INSIGHTS Niels Aalund additionally serves on 14 regional and/or national com- President, mittees and boards, including such groups as Director at Large, Houston Ship Channel Security District, Lone Star International Propeller Harbor Safety Committee, Area Maritime Security council Club (AMSC)
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November 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 53Image: Trendsetter Vulcan Offshore An artist’s rendering shows a typical tethered BOP installation. The Wellhead Fatigue Mitigation System uses four anchors sequent time work is done on the well and then translate that to provide foundations for the tensioner units, tensioners that to fatigue damage
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November 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 9The Oi brand does not rest on its audience for each event, for example at the team are also building audiences laurels, and in fact you have recently Oi Americas in San Diego, over 90% of from key SE Asian markets including expanded, again? the audience have never visited another Japan, Malaysia and
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November 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 80V VESSELS PATROL CRAFT Damen Patrol Vessels for Offshore Nigeria amen recently delivered a companies. Features of the 33m vessels four weeks and travel 1,200 nm in and ity and cost effectiveness to the bene? t pair of FCS 3307 high-spec include Damen’s trademark Axe Bow around Nigeria’s coastal and
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November 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 78V VESSELS Sovcom? ot Names New Seaspan Shipyard Delivers OFSV Arctic Shuttle Tanker On October 6, 2019, a naming and ? ag raising ceremo- ny was held in Vladivostok for Sovcom? ot’s latest Arctic shuttle tanker. The vessel was named after Mikhail Laza- rev, a prominent Russian admiral and explorer
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November 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 32WORKBOATS THE OSV MARKET DEMEREST TIDE: Tide- water vessel now working Eastern Mediterranean Photos: Iain Cameron ering longer term sentiments. A reckon- Tidewater units are oper- to point to actual demand seeing dayrates just above $40,500, ing in an early September 2019 confer- ating, its slide deck
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November 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 30WORKBOATS THE OSV MARKET CAROLYN CHOUEST: Edison Chouest vessel working Paci? c waters. he fate of Offshore Service oil, slightly higher (with temporary (but slight) jit- for an uptick in 2020 and 2021 with Photos: Iain Cameron Vessels (OSVs) is, natural- nearby at around $60/ ters as an Iranian
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November 2019 - Marine News page: 92VESSELS SAFE Boats Delivers 19th Boat to FDNY SAFE Boats International (SAFE) has delivered boats 17, 18 and 19 to the marine division of the New York Fire Department, all during the month of August. The three latest additions to the FDNY ? eet are 33’ full cabin boats, the most popular con? guration
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November 2019 - Marine News page: 81DOMESTIC DREDGING REPORT hopper or to discharge it bene? cially Mechanical Dredges Horses for Courses: through a ? oating pipeline to rebuild Mechanical dredges remove mate- Environmental & Marine coastlines and protect communities. rial by scooping it from the sea? oor Fisheries Regulations Self-prop
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November 2019 - Marine News page: 54BOATBUILDING From Estonia with Love Lyman-Morse Boatbuilding, the classic Maine boat designer and builder will build to Baltic Workboats design for the domestic workboat market. By Rick Eyerdam yman-Morse Boatbuilding, the classic Maine boat where Estonia is,” he said with a laugh. “Then you get over
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November 2019 - Marine News page: 18INSIGHTS built. A vessel built in the Gulf for service in Alaska has to Here and overseas, Fernstrum continues to drive trends in emerging markets. These include under- have a cooling system designed for both conditions. You water tidal turbines, AUV’s and ROV’s. Tell us a bit won’t pass sea trials in
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Sep/Oct 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 48Advertiser Index Page Company Website Phone# 9 Connecticut Port Authority www.CTPortAuthority.com (860) 577-5174 21 CPE Certifed Port Executive www.certifedportexecutive.com (902) 425-3980 1 Kalmar www.kalmarglobal.com Please visit us online C2 Nor thwest Seaport Alliance www.