Persian Gulf
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- Sources Of U.S. Oil Imports And U.S. Oil Companies' Role In The Mideast Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #48
Before the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose to power in the 1970s, U.S. oil companies had a major role in both the ownership and operation of oil production facilities in the Mideast. Since then, that role has diminished greatly as the governments of the region have assumed ownership of their national oil industries. Today, there are essentially no American- ownedproduction facilities in the area, although U.S. companies own or hold a partial interest in some Mideast refineries and petrochemical plants and several thousand Americans still work in the oil industry in the region.
The Saudi Arabian Oil Company (commonly called Saudi Aramco) is a corporation wholly owned by the Saudi Arabian government that is the sole producer of oil and natural gas in that nation.
Aramco was a partnership among Chevron, Exxon, Texaco and Mobil. It had its origins in an exploration agreement signed in 1933 by Standard Oil of California (or Socal—Chevron's predecessor company) and the Saudi government. After five years of futile efforts, exploratory drilling finally found commercial quantities of oil in 1938, but large-scale oil production commenced only in the post World War II period. From less than 20,000 barrels per day (b/d) before 1944, Saudi production rose to 500,000 b/d by 1950 and to 3.5 million b/d by 1970. In 1980, Saudi production peaked at 9.6 million b/d, following which it fell once more as high oil prices reduced international demand.
Beginning in 1973, Saudi Arabia bought out the ownership interests in Aramco of the American oil companies. The takeover was an amicable and orderly process that proceeded over an extended period. Beginning with the acquisition of a 25 percent share in 1973, Saudia Arabia's government increased its share to 60 percent in 1974 and eventually to 100 percent in 1980, when it paid for substantially all of Aramco's assets.
Today, of Saudi Aramco's 43,000 employees, only about 2,500 are Americans. The company also draws on the expertise of another 2,000 or so resident Americans on loan from U.S. oil companies.
Most of the Mideast oil industry assets formerly owned by U.S.
companies were transferred to the Mideast countries during the 1970s. While in some cases (Algeria, Iraq and Libya), the transfer was accomplished by expropriation, in most others (Saudia Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi and Qatar) it took the form of gradually increasing "participation" agreements that extended over a number of years.
American companies still own some assets in the area. For example, Texaco owns a refinery (and a 50-percent share in the crude oil production that supplies it) at Mina Saud in the Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. That facility, with a capacity of 50,000 b/d was closed down immediately after the Iraqi invasion and the 45 or so U.S. citizens who worked there were evacuated. Amerada Hess has a small share in some oil fields in Abu Dhabi, amounting to about 9,000 b/d. Conoco has an equity interest in oil fields in nearby Dubai which produce 110,000 t/d. Mobil has 50 percent ownership of a refinery at Yanbu in Saudi Arabia, with a capacity of 250,000 fc/d, as well as a petrochemical plant there. It also has a smaller share in other operations in Saudia Arabia, including a lubricating oil refining plant.
Exxon also owns shares of petrochemical plants in Saudia Arabia and Abu Dhabi. These operations employ several hundred Americans.
In summary, the role played in the Mideast by the U.S. oil industry as a whole and the value of the physical assets owned by U.S. oil companies today are both far smaller than they were 20 years ago.
Oil Supply Data Sources Of U.S. Oil Imports Before The Embargo Of Iraq/Kuwait Oil The Persian Gulf supplied 25.3 percent of the crude oil and petroleum products imported into the United States from January to July 1990: 8.2 percent from Iraq, 14.8 percent from Saudia Arabia, and 1.2 percent from Kuwait.
Small amounts also came from Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.
OPEC nations outside the Middle East—Venezuela, Nigeria and four others—provided 29 percent.
Canada, Mexico and other non-OPEC nations outside the Middle East supplied the remainder.
After The Embargo According to the most recent information available, Persian Gulf petroleum imports to the United States fell during the months immediately following the early August 1990 United Nations' embargo of Iraqi and Kuwaiti supplies. However, because total U.S. imports also fell, there was only about a 2 percent drop in the Persian Gulf share of that total.
The decline in Persian Gulf imports was gradual, in part because petroleum supplies that left Iraq and Kuwait before the embargo arrived at U.S. ports during August and September. Also, during this same period, Saudi Arabia, among other Persian Gulf countries, took steps to increase daily production.
Thus, Persian Gulf imports averaged 23.4 percent of total U.S.
imports during September and October 1990. Of this amount, 20.7 percent came from Saudia Arabia, 2.3 percent from Iraq, 0.2 percent from Kuwait and 0.2 percent from Oman.
In addition, OPEC nations outside the Middle East—Venezuela, Nigeria and four others—provided 29.9 percent in September and October. Canada, Mexico and other non-OPEC nations outside the Middle East supplied the remainder.
From January to July 1990, U.S.
petroleum imports, as a percent of domestic deliveries, reached 50 percent, the highest seven-month level in history. During September and October 1990, imports dropped to about 42 percent of domestic demand. The reasons for the decline include a drop in oil use because of higher world oil prices and a weaker economy plus a drawdown in inventories during a p e r i o d of r e d u c e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of supplies.
Japan and Western Europe also rely on the Persian Gulf for a substantial portion of their oil imports.
In 1989, Japan, which imports virtually all of its oil, imported a 4.4 percent of its oil from Iraq, 6.8 percent from Kuwait and 15.8 percent from Saudia Arabia. In 1989, Western Europe, which imports about 75 percent of its oil, imported 8.9 percent of its oil from Iraq, 4.7 percent from Kuwait, and 11 percent from Saudia Arabia.
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- Appropriations Conference Approves Use Of Foreign Ships For Ready Reserve Force Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #39
the purpose of enhancing our nation's sealift capability. They are too old and too slow and lack many of the required de- sign features. As the Persian Gulf war proved, the military needs ships that have 24-knot speed capability and are maintained in a reduced operating status to ensure quick deliverabil
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- M.A.N.-GHH Completes Floating Dock For Iran Maritime Reporter, Jan 1986 #8
construction yard of M.A.N.'s Machinery, Plant and Systems Division (M.A.N.-GHH) on the Weser River. The dock had been ordered by Iran for the Persian Gulf Shipyard Project (PGSP) at a contract price of approximately $18 million. Immediately after launching the dock, named Dolphin, was taken over
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- Gulf Copper To Provide Facility, Services For FPSO Conversion Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #27
rig berthing. Gulf Copper is very active in the current ship activation program for the Maritime Administration in support of U.S. activities in the Persian Gulf and was one of the first yards to activate two ships simultaneously. For free literature detailing the Gulf Copper's facilities and services
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- Irish Firm Orders Two Supply Vessels From Quality Equipment Maritime Reporter, Mar 1977 #17
presently provides marine services worldwide to the offshore industry, with principal operations in the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea and Persian Gulf. It operates a fleet of approximately 70 vessels. Pott also has major interests in shipbuilding and inland waterways transportation. Jones
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- IMPROVING CURRENT STRATEGIC SEALIFT CAPABILITIES Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #64
a dramatic practical test. According to the Military Sealift Command, as of April 15, 1991, 10 million tons of cargo had been shipped to the Persian Gulf. The ships utilized for this massive operation, as shown in table 2, were chartered from U.S. and foreign-flag commercial operators or activated
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- War Showed Absolute Surge Requirement For More RO/ROs Maritime Reporter, Apr 1991 #54
Pentagon's chief shipping officer, Adm. Francis Donovan, Commander of the Navy's Military Sealift Command, said in his first postwar analysis of the Persian Gulf military crisis that the U.S. merchant marine is deficient by some 20 to 25 roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) cargo vessels. He estimated that such
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- Cost Of Naval Operations In Persian Gulf Region Continues To Escalate Maritime Reporter, Dec 1990 #32
aircraft flight operations and additional personnel costs required by the call-up of Reserve units. The skyrocketing costs of U.S. operations in the Persian Gulf region has increased the likelihood t h a t Congress will be asked to approve a supplemental appropriations bill soon after it reconvenes. The
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- Intermarine USA Launches Second Navy Minehunter Maritime Reporter, May 1992 #72
the Navy for Reserve Affairs. The ship is a larger version of the successful Lerici Class Italian Minehunters that were so effective in the Persian Gulf mine clearance during Operation Desert Storm. The Heron is 188 feet long, 890 metric tons in weight and built entirely of flexible and resilient
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- New York Shipyard Receives Second Navy Drydocking Contract Maritime Reporter, Nov 1991 #54
Nitro (AE-23) recently entered the facility of New York Shipyard Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y., for an overhaul. The ammunition ship had served in the Persian Gulf Desert Storm Operation and delivered ammunition to the battleship USS Wisconsin three days before the start of military action. Homeported
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- Robert Sanders To Yard Superintendent Maritime Reporter, Feb 15, 1980 #8
Submarine Building Program at General D y n a m i c s ' Quincy Yard, and as shipyard manager in charge of the Naval Shipyard at Bushier in the Persian Gulf. Before joining Jackson, Mr. Sanders was shipyard manager for the Braswell Yard in Boston, Mass. Jackson Engineering is undergoing a major
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- Micronautics Offers Free Literature On Tide Predicting Software Maritime Reporter, Mar 1991 #70
both software products for two years, has expanded its coverage to South America. Operation Desert Storm has also prompted interest in the Persian Gulf. For free literature detailing the software of Micronautics, Circle 53 on Reader Service Car
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April 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 472019 Media Kit EDITORIAL CALENDAR 2019 Market Feature ProfileTechnical FeatureProduct Feature Ad Close: Dec 21Ad Close: Jan 22 Ad Close: Feb 21 JAN/FEBFEBRUARYMARCH Underwater Vehicle Annual Oceanographic Instrumentation: Measurement, Process & Analysis Subsea Defense Ocean Business 2019 Technology
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May 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 622019 Media Kit EDITORIAL CALENDAR 2019 Market Feature ProfileTechnical FeatureProduct Feature Ad Close: Dec 21Ad Close: Jan 22 Ad Close: Feb 21 JAN/FEBFEBRUARYMARCH Underwater Vehicle Annual Oceanographic Instrumentation: Measurement, Process & Analysis Subsea Defense Ocean Business 2019 Technology
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May 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 17ological composition as well as mineral distributions,” said volved studies of methane cycling. Hydrothermal ? uids and Dr. Joye. “This is an amazing natural laboratory to document gas plume samples all contained highly elevated concentra- incredible organisms and better understand how they survive
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May 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 14Discovery New View of the Ocean Floor Otherworldly Mirror Pools, New Lifeforms, and Mesmerizing Landscapes Discovered on Ocean Floor cientists aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research eral towers that reach up to 23 meters in height and 10 meters vessel Falkor discovered and explored a hydrother- across.
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May 2019 - Marine Technology Reporter page: 2April 2019 Discovery Contents Volume 62 • Number 4 14 Amazing New Views Scientists aboard Schmidt Ocean Institute’s research vessel Falkor discovered and explored a hydrothermal ? eld at 2,000m depth in the Gulf of California. Comms 20 Sound Off Inside Dolphin, enabling technology for acoustic
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May 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 832019 Editorial Calendar AD CLOSE: JUN 23 AD CLOSE: JUL 25 JULY AUGUST Cruise Vessel Design & Out?t The Shipyard Edition Expedition Cruise Vessel Heavy Lifting: Cranes, Winches, MARKET MARKET FEATURE: FEATURE: Construction Windlasses & Capstan TECHNICAL TECHNICAL Training and Simulation Icebreakers FEATU
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May 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 58FERRIES: FERRY SAFETY & SECURITY A look inside the fragmented ferry industry, which recently held a Ferry Safety & Security event in Bangkok. Ferries Alan Haig-Brown reports from Thailand ? re and explosion and bottom damage “Death Toll in Phoenix Boat Accident Rises to 44” ... “Deadly Fire all
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May 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 57WORKBOATS: INSIDE THE U.S. WORKBOAT MARKET with Caterpillar engines. Two 6,700 hp tractor tugs Monitoring the Energy Markets America’s Marine Highway grants, announced in April have already been delivered and are now stationed in Developments in the energy markets are set to impact 2019, included $3.
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May 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 53WORKBOATS: INSIDE THE U.S. WORKBOAT MARKET The U.S. towing and tug business is 5,500 boats, more than 31,000 barges with an estimated total impact on U.S. GDP of $33.8 billion (using 2014 data). in the Northeast, recently completed its 8,400 hp Bert Reinauer at its owned yard, Senesco, paired with a
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May 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 52WORKBOATS: INSIDE THE U.S. WORKBOAT MARKET A deep dive into the trends driving the U.S. Workboat Market. By Barry Parker Workboats he towing and tug business, shows domestic commerce on the water The Major Players and cargo transfers with one of the new with 5,500 boats and more than of 873 million
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May 2019 - Marine News page: 16INSIGHTS (IRPT), a Member of the USDOT Marine Transportation, a former board member of the National Waterways Con- ference and a current member of IRPT and many other industry af? liations too numerous to list here. Today, Wilmsmeyer and his ACP sit at the heart of the U.S. inland waterways equation
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May 2019 - Marine News page: 10BY THE NUMBERS Tugboat and Towboat Manufacturing in the United States A recent report from Amadee+Company provides a The report identi? es C&C Marine as the largest Tow- unique, ? rst-time market and competitive analysis of the boat builder in terms of production value, followed by size, segmentation
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Mar/Apr 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 45STATISTICS T T 25 P 2018 HE OP ORTS IN veryone who likes a simple view loves a list. Top ?ve scrub- NOLA’s containerized cargo to record levels. In addition, loaded bers, top 10 cities, top 15 funny movies, top 20 ports. And imported containers rose 7 percent, which continues to be a fo- Eso last
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Mar/Apr 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 34FUEL LOGISTICS The USA is expected to have the largest sup- ply surplus and export potential, followed by China and Russia. Conversely, we – and other analysts – project Europe will be in deficit on 0.1%/0.5% supply; also, and critically, the Pacific region that includes Singapore, although increasing
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Mar/Apr 2019 - Maritime Logistics Professional page: 22INSIGHTS “The cloud facilitates the access of business data and applications from anywhere at any time and with any mobile device. Investing in cloud technology is improving collaboration between teams on shore and at sea and creating a connected workplace culture that supports strategic business goals.
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 54T TECH FILES KVH: NEW VSAT ANTENNA KVH introduced the Trac- HGG: Ship Pro? ler Automates Cutting Phone V11-HTS, and antenna that the company dubs ‘the world’s fastest’ 1 meter Ku/C- HGG’S new UPC 450 Ship Pro? ler increases cutting and pre-fabrication band maritime VSAT antenna. productivity by
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 39WARSHIPS • WORLD NAVIES The Peruvian navy maritime patrol boat BAP Ferre (PM 211) arrives at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam in preparation for Rim of the Paci? c (RIM- PAC) exercise. U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Holly L. Herline PERU The Royal Danish navy frigate HDMS
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 19Sonardyne’s PIES to Monitor U.S. Gulf Current Sonardyne International will be used ray for a planned 10-year-long research es, Engineering and Medicine’s Gulf Re- Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The long as part of a $2 million scienti? c study of campaign. search Programme, which was founded term
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 18Laid Up PSV AHTS AHT Crew Boat/ Oceangoing Standby/ Fast Supply Tug ERRV South-East Asia 38.2% 27.3% 28.8% 29.1% 19.5% 31.6% Persian Gulf 25.5% 22.5% 12.2% 8.3% 15.7% 38.5% Gulf of Mexico 41.3% 48.2% 60.6% 27.8% 20.9% 100.0% Northwest Europe 18.3% 31.7% 8.7% 6.4% 7.0%
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 17M MARKETS: OSVs ing, recrewing, training, resupplying the also looking to the west, on the landside, ratchet up oil production dramatically in the majors looking at the big offshore vessel is contractually covered or other- speci? cally to the Permian Basin, where the next few years. As Permian
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 16M MARKETS: OSVs ? nancial structuring that saw SMHI put- semi-submersibles) working offshore in ting up only $5 million of its own capi- early March, 2019- little changed from IN LATE 2014, THE BAKER HUGHES DATA tal), acquired three Fast Support Vessels levels of September/October 2018 (but from a
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April 2019 - Maritime Reporter and Engineering News page: 13I INSIGHTS: OSVs ticated ships, how they were laid up is According to Clarksons, the global side pressures appear to be moving in the OSV owners will no doubt be watch- the key; if they underwent limited prepa- orderbook for OSVs represented about right direction for the reactivation-mind- ing those
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April 2019 - Marine News page: 51VESSELS RAstar 3200 Tugs Dazzle at Blessing Ceremony (SST Canada) were the toasts of a blessing ceremony in Vancouver Harbor. Designed by Robert Allan Ltd, these two signi? cant additions to the ? eet were showcased at a February blessing event in Vancouver. The tugs are notable for their responsive
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April 2019 - Marine News page: 46ATB REVIEW On the likelihood of the iconic ATB getting much larger: “If you go any larger, the economics favor a ship, which is where I do see Bouchard going in the future.” – Bouchard Transportation Co. President and CEO, Morton S. Bouchard III now has as many ATBs under U.S. ? ag as almost any other