gas stream

- Advancing Climate Change Research and Hydrocarbon Leak Detection Marine Technology, Mar 2013 #18
By Combining Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Methane Measurements with ADCP Data.

With the emergence of large-scale, comprehensive environmental monitoring projects, there is an increased need to combine state-of-the art technologies to address complicated problems such as ocean acidification and hydrocarbon leak detection.

Carbon is a building block of life on earth and is a key element of many ocean chemical processes. The ability to measure dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in the ocean is beneficial for a wide variety of oceanographic and limnological applications. Recently, there has been an increased demand for two specific carbon sensing applications: one for researching the effects of climate change on the ocean environment and another for operational use in the oil and gas industry. Sensing of dissolved CO2 allows for better quantification of the global carbon cycle and understanding how increased levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in the atmosphere affect the oceanic carbon budget, the resulting acidification of the oceans, and the corresponding influence on marine organisms and habitat. Sensing dissolved CH4 in oceans or lakes allows one to find regions of elevated concentrations fed by naturally occurring hydrocarbon seeps, melting methane hydrate bearing permafrost, or potential leaks from an oil and gas well, production facility, or pipeline.
Teledyne Marine has recently licensed technology developed by CONTROS GmbH to produce the HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 instruments and allow its customers to better address their bio-geochemical as well as oil and gas-related applications.
Combining carbon dioxide and/or methane concentration data with the physical oceanographic parameters measured with Teledyne RD Instruments’ Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and Conductivity Temperature and Depth (CTD) sensors will allow improved understanding of biogeochemical processes as a function of ocean temperature, salinity, mixing, and advective transport. Integration of the ADCP current profiles and volumetric transport information with the dissolved gas readings from the HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 systems will also improve the utility of hydrocarbon leak detection programs by allowing users to backtrack the “up current” to identify the source of the seep or leak.
Facilitating and expanding data collection will be accomplished by integrating the HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 in-situ sensor technologies with other Teledyne Instruments, Inc. product offerings. Examples are the Teledyne Benthos, Teledyne Webb Research, and Teledyne Gavia tethered, towed, and autonomous vehicles. The HydroCH4 sensor may be combined with the Teledyne TSS Pipe Detection system via the Mobile Early Leak Detection System (MELDS) for detecting the presence of hydrocarbons in water.
The HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 products utilize a flat hydrophobic membrane that forms a semi permeable phase boundary between full ocean depth pressures and the interior of the instrument. Dissolved gasses in the water pass into an equilibrated internal headspace in the form of a gas stream. Concentration of CO2 or CH4 in the gas stream is quantified using an industry standard non-dispersive infrared detector (NDIR-detector) and the principle of absorption spectrometry (1). To overcome the temperature dependency of the NDIR sensors, the detector is temperature stabilized and the gas is lead through a heater before entering the NDIR unit both during initial instrument calibration as well as during operation in the field. To compensate for the long term drift of the sensor, a “zero point” reference is routinely taken by the NDIR-detector within the instrument after the air within the gas stream has been chemically freed from CO2 or CH4. This zero reference data can be used to track the temporal signal drift of the NDIR-detector and allows for the derivation of the sensor’s actual response time (2).
The HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 physical packaging allows for a wider range of deployment possibilities than previously available with existing dissolved CO2 and CH4 measurement systems. When configured as a flow through system inside of a vessel or within a laboratory, these instruments have a significantly reduced maintenance effort and smaller size than prevailing underway systems that use large equilibration chambers and bottles of reference gasses. Use of the HydroCO2 and HydroCH4 systems enable deployment from smaller vessels, adding a valuable measurement parameter while reducing the energy and space requirements (e.g., less room occupied in a vessel’s wet lab). When configured as a self-contained submersible system, the systems will operate from water surface to 6000m of depth. The 9 cm diameter pressure housing on the system allows for easy deployment on buoys, moorings, AUV’s, gliders and Argo floats (2 and 3). Example of a bottom lander deployment combining an ADCP and the HydroCH4 sensor is shown here.

Instruments for Loan:
Apply Before April 15!

Teledyne RD Instruments is confident that these carbon sensors will aid in both scientific research and environmental monitoring. Through a newly established product grant program, Teledyne RD Instruments will offer the loan of up to 3 instruments – one each of either a HydroCO2, a HydroCH4 senor, a WH/OS ADCP, or Citadel CTD system – for new and interesting applications utilizing these combined technologies.

Users are encouraged to submit detailed proposals on how they would utilize these products to improve their scientific research or environmental monitoring.

Full details and an online submission form can be accessed at
www.rdinstruments.com. Proposals are due on or before April 15, 2013.

References

(1) Fietzek, P. & Körtzinger, A. (2010) Optimization of a membrane based NDIR-Sensor for Dissolved Carbon Dioxide. In Proceedings of “OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society” Conference (Annex), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306.

(2) Fiedler, B., Fietzek, P., Vieira, N., Silva, P., Bittig, H.C. and Körtzinger, A. (2013): In situ CO2 and O2 measurements on a profiling float, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 30 . pp. 112-126.

(3) Fietzek, P., Kramer, S. & Esser, D. (2011) Deployments of the HydroC (CO2/CH4) on stationary and mobile platforms – Merging trends in the field of platform and sensor development. In Proceedings of Oceans 2011 conference (USA, September 2011).

(4) Deployment photo courtesy of Dr. Peter Linke, GEOMAR http://www.geomar.de/index.php?id=plinke.

(As published in the March 2013 edition of Marine Technologies - www.seadiscovery.com)
- Canada's Arctic Pilot Project Maritime Reporter, Jul 15, 1980 #16
will be added to maintain the throughput. At Bridport Inlet, the gas will be supplied to the process barge, where heat will be extracted from the gas stream by means of a multi-component refrigerant cycle. The gas will be cooled to about — 162°C at which point it becomes a liquid at atmospheric pressure
- Maintaining Design Performance In Marine Boilers Maritime Reporter, Aug 1978 #34
gassampling probe from ^-inch diameter stainless-steel tubing by drilling small holes along the portion of the probe to be inserted into the gas stream. 3. Install a sampling penetration in the uptake ducting below the economizer or regenerative air heater. This may consist of a i/o-inch pipe
- Foster Wheeler Reprint Outlines Development Of Inert Gas Systems Maritime Reporter, Jul 1978 #28
, two basic inert gas system configurations are available. The simplest takes stack gas from a steam generator or furnace and cools and scrubs the gas stream of contaminants. Aboard ship, seawater may be used as the scrubbing medium. The clean, inert gas is then directed by blowers and a piping distributio
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LASOX process, because the laser heats the surface instantaneously to the ignition temperature, as soon as you turn the laser on, you can turn on the gas stream and start piercing," explained Gabzdyl. In January 2001, Gabzdyl and O'Neill were invited to present their findings on LASOX at a meeting at
- To Scrub, or Not to Scrub -That Is the Question Maritime Reporter, Sep 2015 #20
of caustic added to the circulating loop. A Closed Loop system uses a solution of fresh water and caustic as the reagent to remove SO2 from the exhaust gas stream. This design earns its name from the closed loop used to circulate the caustic solution between tank and scrubber. Because the caustic solution
- Gulfport’s Long Road Back From Hurricane Katrina Maritime Logistics Professional, Sep/Oct 2018 #32
referred to as natural gas liquids or NGLs. The liquids will be processed through a plant to separate the heavier hydrocarbon liquids from the natural gas stream. The final solvated CGL product is to be shipped by newly designed Articulated Tug and Barges (AT/B) to international markets in the Caribbean and

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(sg=1.026) and lighter than the battery electrolyte (sg=1.265). The original cell vent cap was screwed into the top of the riser pipe to vent the gases associated with charging. Wires were soldered to the lead (Pb) posts. The lead-acid battery was additionally used as an expendable ballast weight
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battery packs, di- If sealed with a rubber diaphragm, the battery must be vent- vided into three buses. The sub could operate off a single ed to manage gases formed during charging. (Myers, 1968) bus in emergency mode. All power and control signals were An innovative means of pressure compensation was
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SYSTEM just mapped. I have ‘discovered’ many mountains, hills, valleys and canyons that APPLICATIONS would rival anything seen on land.” • Shallow Gas Hazard Surveys • Oi shore Wind Turbine Phase two, mapping inside the caldera, • Geotechnical InvesO gaO on • Sand Resource InvesO gaO
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• Integrity assessment, and otherwise covered, e.g., by rock dump. As for depletion of • Mitigation, intervention and repair. sacri? cial anodes, this can be dif? cult or even impossible to Selecting the best method for collecting the data these work- estimate due to poor visibility, the presence of
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indicator (CII) meeting the shipping industry’s goal for id advances in digital technology are and EU Emissions Trading Scheme are net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by changing the way ships are operated. only early milestones on the regulatory around 2050. He also believes maritime “The maritime education
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Consulmar Crowley's New LNG Containerships Carbon Capture @ Sea Crowley shared ? rst renderings and the names of its four new dual fuel lique? ed natural gas (LNG)-powered containerships: Quetzal, Copan, Tiscapa and Torogoz. The 1,400 TEU ves- sels were ordered in 2022 by Singapore-based Eastern Paci? c
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environment, which in turn can from vessel drawings. The academy program also includes reduce the time they need to spend on a simulator. This saves gas handling operations and engine room simulation courses time and money and frees up simulator time for others. offered by GTT Training and the Thet
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wind. The subsidies won’t be a plentiful, and then a second on a luf? ng jib. This reduces the time it would there won’t be the same downturn in oil and gas that made all ordinarily take, weeks, to recon? gure the wiring of an ordi- the high-spec construction vessels available at attractive rates, nary
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old or older and need to be that are government owned and operated ships, government replaced. We’re talking all the way from steam to diesel and some gas turbines. The commercial world doesn’t use owned and contract operated, and contract owned and con- steam any more, but we still have quite a few steam-pow-
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with our continued support to the in a UK design ? rm working in the North Sea marine industry,” said Langford. “We continue to hire key in- oil and gas platforms, the holy grail of rigorous dividuals and partner to provide best-in-class solutions.” R conditions in offshore energy production. From
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starts during its adolescence, common mantras are ‘learn from the established European model’ and ‘embrace technology transfer from the offshore oil and gas sector.’ In Robert Langford, the American Bureau of Shipping has all of that and more bundled in one neat package. Langford recently visited with
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exposed to redeployment risk and there re- mains a concern that overbuilding of a commoditized vessel may result in future oversupply as seen in the oil & gas OSV space in the 2008-2014 period. www.marinelink.com 19 MR #4 (18-33).indd 19 4/5/2024 8:13:37 A
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MARKETS & gas activity returns, we anticipate that supply of the vessels The Question of Emissions to offshore wind projects will reduce, driving demand for ad- Given that SOVs and CSOVs operate in a segment target- ditional CSOVs. ing reduced emissions, and many operate in the North Eu- Outside of China
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to a wind turbine OEM or offshore wind in-built crane and gangway. farm operator to service and maintain equipment dur- ¦Tier 2: Generally, oil & gas tonnage (MPSVs, PSVs, ing the operations period of the wind farm. A typical etc.) with ? xed gangway, serving oil & gas and SOV will accommodate
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culture of continuous improvement and Cooper safety awareness. Captain Aaron Cooper is a Master Mariner with 30 years of experience in the oil and gas industry. He is the programmes A Cultural Shift director at OCIMF. With standardized data collection and sharing protocols, THE LEADER SLIDING
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Ma- gic planning experience in the ter Mariner with 30 years of expe- rine Learning Systems, maker of energy and maritime sectors. rience in the oil and gas industry. MarineLMS. CONTACT INFORMATION: He is the programs director at Lundquist Email: [email protected] OCIMF. He has worked at Chev- Laursen
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in the U.S. ? eet. It features four Wabtec 4x16V250MDC EPA Tier 4 marine diesel gensets developing a combined 24,000 horsepower and utilizing exhaust gas recirculation technology to reduce emissions to sub-Tier 4 levels. The General Arnold is 290 feet long, 72 feet wide, has a maximum digging depth
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and detection technology. Through a lot of hard work and collaboration with part- ners such as the Port of San Diego as well as utility provid- er San Diego Gas & Electric (SDGE), the regulatory and logistical hurdles have been overcome, and construction is progressing at a strong pace, Manzi said. “We expect
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our presence in the government marketplace.” In the same panel discussion, Bollinger’s Bordelon said, “You’ve had vessels come out of typical oil and gas markets and maneuver into other markets. This creates conversion opportunities. We’ve probably done over 30 in the last couple of years.” But with
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Feature Navigation inside the approved lease area as a requirement under the BOEM’s attention to the USCG’s recent 27-page Federal terms and conditions of a speci? c lease. Register Notice (January 19) to establish “shipping safety • For structure siting, the USCG (again) “insists” that fairways along
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as CO2, NOX, SOX, Technological Institute have developed Cold straightening is carried out using PM, and others. The design emphasizes a real-time ? ue gas sensor technol- the company's purpose-built hydraulic ease of installation, with a con? guration ogy – The Extinction-Minus-Scattering presses that
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combustion produces have a carbon factor. Of course, when burning, we need to nitrogen and water as its primary byproducts, worry about laughing gas [Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions], which means lower emissions of greenhouse gases which does have a greenhouse effect,” an impact that should
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worth “There are some really unique fuels available in industrial quantities? revisiting if that payment is suf? cient challenges around greenhouse gas Are they available globally? You can’t in 2024. emissions and decarbonization,” said easily, or cost-effectively change fuel in Ebeling. “That’s
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? oating energy business that leverages the skills and tion vessels. We are forecasting some potential supply chain lessons learnt from deepwater oil & gas projects into the bottlenecks as a result of the increased activity. emerging ? oating wind segment, with measures including: To show how ? oating